THE TITLE
ANALYZING POLITENESS STRATEGIES WHICH ARE BY COLLEGIAN OF
IKIP PGRI MADIUN
Created
by:
|
Intan
Dwi Lestari
|
12321083/6C
|
|
Zendi
Fachrudin A.
|
12321089/6C
|
|
Ilma
Rizqi Ana
|
12321097/6C
|
|
Erwin
Nafsi Ma’rifah
|
12321099/6C
|
|
Purwaningrum
|
11321083/6C
|
ENGLISH
TEACHING DEPARTMENT
FACULTY
OF LETTERS AND ART EDUCATION
IKIP
PGRI MADIUN
2015
TABLE OF CONTNT
Cover
............................................................................................................... 1
Table
of content ............................................................................................... 2
Chapter
I. Introduction ................................................................................... 3
Chapter
II. Theoretical Framework ................................................................. 5
Chapter
III. Methodology ............................................................................... 11
Chapter
IV. Finding Research ......................................................................... 13
Chapter
V. Conclusion .................................................................................... 24
References
....................................................................................................... 25
Appendixes ..................................................................................................... 26
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1.Background Study
Language is important
thing in human life. People need language for communicating to each other.
Through language, people can offer something, show something and express
something. Brown (2000:4) states that “Language is a system of arbitrary
conventionalized vocal, written, or gestural symbols that enable members of a
given community to communicate intelligibly with one another. According to the
statement above, it can be concluded that language is important thing and has
important role in human life, so language cannot be separated with human life.
Besides that, using
politeness strategy the speaker tries to keep the other people feeling by the
language. According to Brown and Levinson by Watts (2003: Wednesday, June 24,
2015) states that be polite in such contexts involves knowing how to express
the language can be closer to another. Then, the purpose of politeness is
making all of people relaxed and comfortable when they interact with other
people. In their daily life, people need to use politeness strategy to make a
balance when they interact others. In order to achieve the goal of their
communication to each other’s faced.
The writers choose
collegian as object in this analyzing from many aspects. Firstly, in the
writers’ class there many lecture shares their experience when they get many
messages from their collegian which they are not a good strategy politeness,
for example “Sir, where are you now?”, “May I meet you now?” and etc. Secondly,
the writers’ friend share that when they do communication with their friend in
the same grade is like there is no distance. Actually they use politeness
strategy especially in negative politeness. Thirdly, the characteristic of
collegian which impression exclusive, so when they communicate with the people
who have the low class social such as cleaning service, they use politeness
strategy.
Therefore,
People usually use the strategies of politeness in every aspect of their
activities. It is happened in around society in every place or country. Politeness
is one of important point in daily life that sometime the people ignored.
Related the phenomenon above, the writer tries to discuss the use of politeness
strategy which is done by the collegian to lecturer, collegian to senior collegian,
and collegian to less class social. The writer focused on the positive and
negative politeness that used by the collegian to responds set situations as a data.
There is one set situations that is those are provided by writers. The
situation is how to make appointment. So, the writer takes a title “Analyzing
Politeness Strategies which are by collegian in IKIP PGRI Madiun”.
1.2.Problem Statements
Based on the background of the study
above, the research questions can be formulated into two research questions,
they are:
1. How are the politeness strategies
used by the collegian around the Campus IKIP PGRI Madiun?
2. What are the reasons of politeness
strategies used by collegian around the Campus IKIP PGRI Madiun?
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
2.1. Speech Acts
There
are some opinions about definitions of speech act. Yule’s an explanation of
meaning about speech acts is an action showed via utterances (1996:47).
Addition Austin’s opinion (1978; 1) is that with words, we do something not
only says something. One can tell whether a statement, if viewed as an act is
successful or not with reference to the speaker’s intention and to decide
whether the statement is true or false. Then, he explains that it was the
assumption of philosophers that the business of a ‘statement’ can only be to
‘describe’ some state of affairs, or to ‘state some fact’, which it must do
either truly of false .
Founded on Parker’s
statement (1986:17-20), he explains that speech act is divided two dimension.
First, directness consists of indirect and direct speech acts. Second,
literalness consists of literal-non literal speech acts. In formal Semantics, speaker
meaning is reduced to sentence meaning: one assumes that speakers only mean
what they say. Thus, formal semantics is a theory of literal meaning. However,
in ordinary conversations, the speaker's meaning is often different from the sentence
meaning. (Vandeverken, 1997: 324). Other than that, Searle categorizes
illocution Act to five macro-classes: representative, directive, commissive,
expressive, and declaration.
Representative, which
commits the speaker to the truth of the statements or not (Levinson, 1997:240).
Such as; Stating, suggesting, boasting, complaining, claiming, reporting,
concluding, describing, affirming, alleging, forecasting, prediction, announce,
insist, and asserting.
Directive is attempt
that is done by the speaker to get the hearer to do something; the speaker
“wants” to achieve a future situation in which the world will match his words
(Malcolm; 1998:24). Such as ordering, command, requesting, advising,
recommending, inviting, begging, bidding, demand, forbidden, and asking and
suggestions belong to this category. For example:
•
Switch on the lamp, please!
Commissive, is like
directives concerned with modifying the world to match the words, but the point
is to commit the speaker himself to acting and involves intention in the future
(Leech: 1991:106). Such as promising, vowing, offering, guaranteeing, refusing,
volunteering, and threatening. For example:
• I’ll
be back soon.
Expressive, has the
function of expressing, or to make understand to the hearer what the speaker’s
psychology is. it express various psychological states such as congratulation,
apologizing, pardoning, blaming, praising, condoling, welcoming, commiserate,
and thanking likes, dislikes, joy, sorrow, etc. For example:
• I’m
really sorry.
Declaration, is
illocution whose successful performance brings about the correspondence between
the proportional content and reality (Leech, 1991; 105), those kinds of speech
acts that change the world through their utterance. Such as resigning,
demising, christening, naming, excommunicating, appointing, sentencing,
declaring war, and firing from employment.
2.2.
Diagram
FTA
Lesser
 |
|
|
Elimination
|
of risk
of face loss
Greater
Figure 1. Strategies for performing FTAs
(Brown and Levinson 1987 [1978]: 60)
2.2.1.
Off Record
Off-record
is an attempt to avoid overtly committing an FTA, through the use of indirectness,
ambiguous utterances, or
silence. The some advantages like (1) he can credit for being tactful, non
coercive. (2) he can less run risk of his act entering the gossip biography
that others keep of him. (3) he can avoid responsibility for the potentially
face damaging interpretation. (4) he can
give (not overtly) the address and opportunity to be seen to care S.
Then, there are some
characteristics of off record those are give hints, give association clues, presuppose,
understate, overstate, use tautologies, use contradictions, use ironic, use
metaphor, rhetorical questions, be ambiguous, be vague, over generalize,
displace H, and be incomplete (Brown and Levinson, 1987: 213-227)
2.2.2.
Bald On Record
Bald on record is
characterized as open admission of an FTA. According to Brown and Levinson,
there are advantages to do as on record those are (1) he can enlist public
pressure again the address or in support himself. (2) He can get credit honesty
for indicating that he trusts the addressee. (3) He can get credit honesty for
outspokenness. (4) Avoiding the danger of being seen to be manipulator. (5) He
can avoid the danger of being misunderstood. (6) He can have the opportunity to
pay back in face whatever he potentially takes away by FTA. There are two
characteristic in bald on record those are without redreesive action and with
redreesive action.
The first is without redressive
action. Doing act baldly, without redress, involves ding it, in the most
direct, clear, ambiguous, and concise way possible (for example, for doing a
request, saying “Do X!). Normally, FTA will be done in this way only if the
speaker does not fear retribution for the addressee, for example in
circumstances where (a) S and H both tacitly agree that relevant of face demand
may be suspended in the interest of urgency or efficiency. (b) Where the danger
to H’s face is very small as in request, request, suggestion that are clearly
in H’s interest do not require great sacrifice of S (e.g “Come in” or “Please,
sit down”. (C) Where S is vastly superior in the power of H, or can enlist
audience support to destroy H’s face without loosing his own (Brown and
Levinson, 1987: 69).
The second is with redressive
action. By redressive action we mean action that “give face” to the addressee,
that is, that attempts to counteract the potential face damage of the FTA by
doing. in it such a way, or with such modification or addition, that indicate
clearly that no such face threat intended or desired, and that S in general
recognize H’s face wants and himself wants them to be achieved. Such redressive action takes one
of two forms depending on which aspects (negative or positive) is being
stressed (Brown and Levinson, 1987: 69-70).
2.2.3. Positive Politeness
Positive
politeness is oriented toward the positive face of H, the positive self-image
that he claims for himself. Positive politeness is approach-based: it
‘anoints’. The face of the addressee by indicating that is some respects, S
wants H’s wants (e.g by threatening him as a member of an in group, a friend, a
person whose wants and personality traits are know and liked). The potential
face threat of an act is minimized in this case by the assurance that in
general S want at least some of H’s wants: for example, that S consider H to be
important respect ‘the same’ as he, with in group rights and duties and
expectation of reciprocity, or by the implication that S likes H so that the
FTA doesn’t mean a negative evaluation in general of H’s face (Brown and
Levinson, 1987: 70).
2.2.4.
Negative
Politeness
Negative
politeness, on the other hand, is oriented mainly toward partially satisfying
(redressing) H’s negative face, his basic want to maintain claims of territory
and self-determination. Negative politeness, thus, is essentially
avoidance-based, and realizations of negative-politeness strategies, consist in
assurances that the speaker recognizes and respects the addressee’s
negative-face wants and will not (or will only minimally) interfere with the
addressee’s freedom of action. Hence negative politeness is characterized by
self-effacement, formality and restraint, with attention to very restricted
aspects of H’s safe image, sintering on his want to be unimpeded. Face
threatening acts are redressed with apologies for interfering of transgressing,
with linguistic and non linguistic deference, with hedges on the illocutionary
force of the act, with impersonalizing mechanisms (such as passives) that
distance S and H for the act, in with other softening mechanism that give the addressee
an ‘out’, a face saving line of escape, permitting him to fell that his
response is not coerced (Brown and Levinson, 1987: 70).
3.
Social Distance, Formality of Issue and Power
Differences
Akerlof ([16], p. 164) defines
social distance as “the extent to which individuals share beliefs, customs,
practices, appearances, and other characteristics that define their identity”.
Yet these homogeneous dimensions may be altered by individuals in settling disputes,
behaviors guided by social rules, or even use language differently [16]. Social
distance is measured by a horizontal scale of ‘how well you know a person’
([17], p.103). Meyerhoff [17] elaborates that encoders with greater social
power like a customs officer shall receive virtual respect just to speed up
matters. ‘Cost of imposition’ puts politeness in a ‘scalar measurement’ which
would determine reflexive accounts to face-threatening act ([17], p. 91). She
also compared several culturally expected norms such as the incorporation on
honorific-suffix in Japanese addresses to superior, Germans complete
acknowledgement to all honorary titles in addresses and Australians’
informality yet “attentive addressing positive face wants” ([17], p.89).
On the level of formality of issue;
workplace, education-oriented communication and even official or governmental
related issues may encourage adherence to politeness. These formal issues may
ensure further face-saving acts and conflict-avoidance gestures even with lower
social distance or high familiarity. Informal topics may include leisure, or
evolving personal pleasures such as daily activities or merely establishing
rapport.
Power difference, on the other
hand, is “a vertical measure of superiority and subordinate” ([17], p.103).
Proposition of such emphasis on differences may be experienced in any
orientation. Organizational communication is one example of how people are led
to communicate in “symbolic” ([10], p.188) manners to achieve goals. These
symbolic manners may be guided by power differences between articulators.
Social distance, formality of topic
and power difference may be affecting adherence to politeness expectations as
it may mold behaviors in several ways. Task based behavior which aims at task completion
and maintenance based behavior which seek to retain harmonious relationships
would preserve politeness unlike self-centered behavior which “serves the need
of the individual at the expense of others” ([10], p.234).
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
In this research, the
writer uses qualitative research method. The purpose of qualitative research is
to describe some situation and cases by factually and accurately. According to
Thomas (2003:1) “qualitative research is multi method in focus, involving an
interpretative, naturalistic approach to its subject matter.”
Qualitative research is
also known as descriptive research, is a research method that describes and
interprets the objects based on the reality. (Sukardi, 2003:157)
From the statement
above, it can be concluded that a qualitative research is a design to describe
systematically a condition and solve the problem based on the reality. Here,
the participants are from four faculties in IKIP PGRI Madiun those are FPIPS,
FIP, FPBS, and FPMIPA. Then, they have to give reaction about the situation or
real condition. The situation is how to make appointment with three different
person and profession. Here, participants are given three question or set. So,
very participant has three data. Then, all of the data are twelve from four
participants. Thus, the result latter is how the participants’ reaction about
the situations those are given.
3.1.
Method
There
are three steps to collect data which are used for being analyzed. The first, the
writers make table which consists of 3 set (1) how to make appointment with
lecturer to consult assignment, (2) how to make appointment with student in the
same grade to borrow book, and (3) how to make appointment with cleaning
service to place the class. Then, print out it. The
second, the writers give that questioner participants. The last, participants
have to answer the questions in every column of table.
Table 1. Questions set
|
No.
|
Question
|
Respond
|
|
1.
|
What
do you say if you make an appointment with lecturer to consult assignment?
|
|
|
2.
|
What
do you say if you make an appointment with students in the same grade to
borrow book?
|
|
|
3.
|
What
do you say if you make an appointment with cleaning service to place the
class?
|
|
3.2.
The
population and Sample
The
population is around campus 1 and 2 IKIP PGRI Madiun. The sample is four participants
who are from four faculties of IKIP PGRI Madiun. One collegian represents one
faculty to give the respond as the data. The participants are around 19-20 years
old.
CHAPTER IV
FINDING RESEARCH
4.1.
Analysis and Discussion
|
Set
|
Name
|
Politeness Strategy
|
|||
|
Off record
|
On record
|
||||
|
|
Without redressive
|
With redressive
|
|||
|
Positive Politeness
|
Negative politeness
|
||||
|
1
|
Joni
/ FIP
|
|
|
|
ü
|
|
2
|
|
|
ü
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
ü
|
|
|
1
|
Yoyok
/ FPIPS
|
|
ü
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
ü
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
ü
|
|
|
1
|
Ratih
/ FPMIPA
|
|
|
|
ü
|
|
2
|
|
|
ü
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
ü
|
|
|
1
|
Aziz
/ FPBS
|
ü
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
ü
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
ü
|
|
|
|
Amount
|
1
|
1
|
5
|
5
|
|
|
Total
|
1
|
11
|
|||
The
table shows the data from four collegians who have given respond in every set
or situation. Joni as the first participant from FIP gives respond in the first
set using politeness strategy on record, with redressive, and negative
politeness. In the second set, he uses politeness strategy on record, with
redressive action, and positive politeness. The last set, he uses politeness
strategy on record, with redressive action, and negative politeness.
Yoyok
as the second participant from FPIPS gives respond in the first set using
politeness strategy on record and without redressive action. In the second set,
he uses politeness strategy on record, with redressive action, and positive
politeness. The last set, he uses politeness strategy on record, with redressive
action, and negative politeness.
Ratih
as the third participant from FPMIPA gives respond in the first set using
politeness strategy on record, with redressive, and negative politeness. In the
second set, she uses politeness strategy on record, with redressive action, and
positive politeness. The last set, she uses politeness strategy on record, with
redressive action, and negative politeness.
Aziz
as the fourth participant from FPBS gives respond in the first set using
politeness strategy off record. In the second set, he uses politeness strategy
on record, with redressive action, and positive politeness. The last set, he
uses politeness strategy on record, with redressive action, and positive
politeness..
The
result of using politeness strategy shows that on record is higher used than
off record. On record has amount eleven while off record has one. Then, on
record shows that with redressive action is higher than without redressive
action. With redressive action has amount ten and without redressive has amount
one. The last is redressive action shows that positive politeness is same with
negative politeness. They have amount five each other. Here, remember that all
of results\ in using politeness strategy is still related with social distance
and power different.
1.
The
first participant: Joni Akhmad Yusuf (FIP)
|
Set
|
Data Collection
(context)
|
Politeness Strategy
|
Reason
|
|
1
|
Mohon
maaf pak/bu. Ada waktu luang hari apa? Saya mau konsultasi. Terimakasih
|
Bald
on record
|
It
is called as bald on record because it consists of redressive action and negative
politeness. The word “Ada waktu luang hari apa? Saya mau konsultasi” is
representing with redressive action. The word “ada waktu luang hari apa?” represents
negative politeness.
|
|
2
|
Bro,
Kuliah jam berapa? Mau pinjam buku catatan bro!
|
Bald
on record
|
It
is called as bald on record because it consists of redressive action and positive
politeness. The word “Bro, Kuliah jam berapa? Mau pinjam buku catatan bro!”
is representing with redressive action. The word “mau pinjam buku catatan
bro!” represents positive politeness.
|
|
3
|
Maaf
pak, kami mau pinjam ruang kelas model hari senin. Kira-kira bisa dipakai
pak?
|
Bald
on record
|
It
is called as bald on record because it consists of redressive action and negative
politeness. The word “kami mau pinjam ruang kelas model hari senin. Kira-kira
bisa dipakai pak?” is representing with redressive action. The word “Kira-kira
bisa dipakai pak?” represents negative politeness.
|
Data of set 1
The
first set shows the relationship between the speakers, they are lecturer and
collegian. It is directive speech act because it is request as kind of
directive which is shown the words like “Saya mau konsultasi”. The social
distance is high because there is distance between them. It is shown by word
like “mohon maaf pak/bu”. It means collegian has to respect to lecturer. The
words are used by the speakers is bold on record because it consists of
redressive action and negative politeness. The redressive action shows words
like “Ada waktu luang hari apa? Saya mau konsultasi”. It is redressive action because
when the speaker says is like force other to do something. Then, it is negative
politeness because lecturer is given option and freedom to give answer. It is
shown by the words like “Ada waktu luang hari apa?”. This is acquaintance as
power different between them because they just know each other not too close.
Data of set 2
The
second set shows the relationship between the speakers, they are a collegian
and friend in the same grade. It is directive speech act because it is request as
kind of directive which is shown the words like “Mau pinjam buku catatan bro!”.
The social distance is low because there is no distance between them. It is
shown by word like “bro”. The words are used by the speakers is bold on record
because it consists of redressive action and positive politeness. The
redressive action shows words like “Bro, Kuliah jam berapa? Mau pinjam buku
catatan bro!”. It is redressive action because when the speaker says is like
force other to do something. Then, it is positive politeness because speaker
forces other to lend him/her a book. It is shown by words like “Mau pinjam buku
catatan bro!” This is intimate as power different between them because they are
like close friend.
Data of set 3
The
third set shows the relationship between the speakers, they are a collegian and
cleaning service. It is directive speech act because it is request as kind of
directive which is shown the words like “kami mau pinjam ruang kelas model hari
senin”. The social distance is high because there is distance between them. It
is shown by words like “maaf pak”. It means the collegian respects to cleaning
service who is older than collegian. The words are used by the speakers is bold
on record because it consists of redressive action and negative politeness. The
redressive action shows words like “kami mau pinjam ruang kelas model hari
senin. Kira-kira bisa dipakai pak?”. It is redressive action because when the
speaker says is like force other to do something. Then, it is negative
politeness because cleaning service is given option and freedom to give answer.
It is shown by words like “Kira-kira bisa dipakai pak?”. This is stranger as
power different between them because they do not know each other.
2.
The
second participant: Yoyok Wibowo (FPIPS)
|
Set
|
Data Collection
(context)
|
Politeness Strategy
|
Reason
|
|
1
|
Pak/ibu
saya akan konsultasi tugas supaya tidak ada kesalahan.
|
Bald
on record
|
It
is called as bald on record because it consists of without redressive action
and positive politeness. The word “saya akan konsultasi tugas supaya tidak
ada kesalahan” is representing without redressive action.
|
|
2
|
Intan
besok pinjam buku bisa diambil jam berapa?
|
On
record
|
It
is called as bald on record because it consists of redressive action and negative
politeness. The word “Intan besok pinjam buku bisa diambil jam berapa?” is
representing with redressive action. The word “….. bisa diambil jam berapa”
represents negative politeness.
|
|
3
|
Maaf
pak, kami mau memninjam kelas, dan kira-kira boleh atau tidak?
|
Bald
on record
|
It
is called as bald on record because it consists of redressive action and negative
politeness. The word “kami mau memninjam kelas, dan kira-kira boleh atau
tidak?” is representing with redressive action. The word “kira-kira boleh
atau tidak?” is negative politeness.
|
Data of set 1
The
first set shows the relationship between the speakers, they are lecturer and
collegian. It is directive speech act because it is request which is shown the
words like “saya akan konsultasi……..”. The social distance is high because
there is distance between them. It means collegian has to respect to lecturer. It
is shown by word like “pak/bu”. The words are used by the speakers is bold on
record because it consists of without redressive action. This is without
redressive action shows words like “saya akan konsultasi tugas supaya tidak ada
kesalahan”. It is without redressive action because when the speaker says is
like force other. So, the lecture is like forced. Call “pak/bu” proves that the
collegian respects to lecturer. This is acquaintance as power different. So, it
can be concluded that lecturer and collegian does not have close relationship.
Data of set 2
The
second set shows the relationship between the speakers, they are a collegian
and friend in the same grade. It is directive speech act because it is request
as kind of directive which is shown the words like “Intan besok pinjam buku”. The
social distance is low because there is no distance between them. It is shown
by name like “Intan”. The words are used by the speakers is bold on record
because it consists of redressive action and negative politeness. The
redressive action shows words like “Intan besok pinjam buku bisa diambil jam
berapa?”. It is redressive action because when the speaker says is like force
other to do something. Then, it is negative politeness because speaker forces
other to lend him/her a book. It is shown by words like “………..bisa diambil jam
berapa?” This is intimate as power different between them because they are like
close friend.
Data of set 3
The
third set shows the relationship between the speakers, they are a collegian and
cleaning service. It is directive speech act because it is request as kind of
directive which is shown the words like “kami mau memninjam kelas”. The social
distance is high because there is distance between them. It is shown by words
like “maaf pak”. It means the collegian respects to cleaning service who is
older than collegian. The words are used by the speakers is bold on record
because it consists of redressive action and negative politeness. The
redressive action shows words like “kami mau meminjam kelas, dan kira-kira
boleh atau tidak?”. It is redressive action because when the speaker says is
like force other to do something. Then, it is negative politeness because
cleaning service is given option and freedom to give answer. It is shown by
words like “kira-kira boleh atau tidak?”. This is stranger as power different
between them because they do not know each other.
3.
The
third participant: Ratih A.U (FPMIPA)
|
Set
|
Data Collection
(context)
|
Politeness Strategy
|
Reason
|
|
1
|
Maaf
pak/bu dosen, maaf mengganggu waktunya, saya ingin konsultasi tugas
tentang……, untuk itu kapan bapak/ibu dosen untuk konsultasi?
|
Bald
on record
|
It
is called as bald on record because it consists of redressive action and negative
politeness. The word “saya ingin konsultasi tugas tentang……, untuk itu kapan
bapak/ibu dosen kapan untuk konsultasi?” is representing with redressive
action. The word “untuk itu kapan bapak/ibu dosen untuk konsultasi?” is negative
politeness.
|
|
2
|
say,
pinjem buku dong… bisa ketemu kan?
|
On
record
|
It
is called as bald on record because it consists of redressive action and positive
politeness. The word “say, pinjem buku dong…” is representing with redressive
action. The word “bisa ketemu kan?” represents positive politeness.
|
|
3
|
Pak,
kami dari……, ingin menggunakan kelas untuk kegiatan. Untuk itu, kami ingin
koordinasi, kapan bisa ketemu untuk membicarakan hal tersebut?
|
Bald
on record
|
It
is called as bald on record because it consists of redressive action and negative
politeness. The word “kami dari…,ingin menggunakan kelas untuk kegiatan.
Untuk itu, kami ingin koordinasi, kapan bisa ketemu untuk membicarakan hal
tersebut” is representing with redressive action. The words “Untuk itu, kami
ingin koordinasi, kapan bisa ketemu untuk membicarakan hal tersebut”
represent positive politeness.
|
Data of set 1
The
first set shows the relationship between the speakers, they are lecturer and
collegian. It is directive speech act because it is request as kind of
directive which is shown the words like “saya ingin konsultasi tugas
tentang……”. The social distance is high because there is distance between them.
It is shown by word like “Maaf pak/bu dosen”. It means collegian has to respect
to lecturer. The words are used by the speakers is bold on record because it
consists of redressive action and negative politeness. The redressive action
shows words like “saya ingin konsultasi tugas tentang……, untuk itu kapan
bapak/ibu dosen kapan untuk konsultasi?”. It is redressive action because when
the speaker says is like force other to do something. Then, it is negative
politeness because lecturer is given option and freedom to give answer. It is
shown by the words like “untuk itu kapan bapak/ibu dosen kapan untuk konsultasi?”.
This is acquaintance as power different between them because they just know
each other not too close.
Data of set 2
The
second set shows the relationship between the speakers, they are a collegian
and friend in the same grade. It is directive speech act because it is request
as kind of directive which is shown the words like “say, pinjem buku dong…”.
The social distance is low because there is no distance between them. It is
shown by word like “say”. The words are used by the speakers is bold on record
because it consists of redressive action and positive politeness. The
redressive action shows words like “say, pinjem buku dong… bisa ketemu kan?”.
It is redressive action because when the speaker says is like force other to do
something. Then, it is positive politeness because speaker forces other to lend
him/her a book. It is shown by words like “… bisa ketemu kan?” This is intimate
as power different between them because they are like close friend.
Data of set 3
The
third set shows the relationship between the speakers, they are a collegian and
cleaning service. It is directive speech act because it is request as kind of
directive which is shown the words like “Pak, kami dari……, ingin menggunakan
kelas untuk kegiatan”. The social distance is high because there is distance
between them. It is shown by words like “pak”. It means the collegian respects
to cleaning service who is older than collegian. The words are used by the
speakers is bold on record because it consists of redressive action and negative
politeness. The redressive action shows words like “Pak, kami dari……, ingin
menggunakan kelas untuk kegiatan. Untuk itu, kami ingin koordinasi, kapan bisa
ketemu untuk membicarakan hal tersebut?”. It is redressive action because when
the speaker says is like force other to do something. Then, it is positive
politeness because cleaning service is like forced to let use class.. It is
shown by words like “Untuk itu, kami ingin koordinasi, kapan bisa ketemu untuk
membicarakan hal tersebut?”. This is stranger as power different between them
because they do not know each other.
4.
The
fourth participant: Nairul Muaziz (FPBS)
|
Set
|
Data Collection
(context)
|
Politeness Strategy
|
Reason
|
|
1
|
Asslamualaikum
wr.wb.
Bapak,
saya nairul dari PBSI semester VIB. Mohon maaf bapak untuk tugas fonologi
saya belum konsultasi, kira-kira kapan bapak ada waktu luang?
|
Off
record
|
It
is called as off record because it is give hints. The word “Mohon maaf bapak
untuk tugas fonologi saya belum konsultasi,” is representing “give hints” or
give clue to consult assignment.
|
|
2
|
Rek
pinjem buku PR, besok ketemu dikantin ya rek?
|
Bald
on record
|
It
is called as bald on record because it consists of redressive action and
negative politeness. The word “Rek pinjem buku PR, besok ketemu dikantin ya
rek?” is representing with redressive action. The word “besok ketemu dikantin
ya rek?” represents positive politeness.
|
|
3
|
Pak
cungkring kelasku jangan dibersihin dulu ya! Mau tak pakek buat media
pembelajaran, oke pak bro?
|
On
record
|
It
is called as bald on record because it consists of redressive action and
negative politeness. The word “kami mau pinjam ruang kelas Pak cungkring
kelasku jngan dibersihin dulu ya! Mau tak pakek buat media pembelajaran, oke
pak bro?” is representing with redressive action. The word “Pak cungkring
kelasku jngan dibersihin dulu ya! Mau tak pakek buat media pembelajaran”
represents positive politeness.
|
Data of set 1
The
first set shows the relationship between the speakers, they are a collegian and
lecturer. It is directive speech act because it is request which is shown the
words like “kira-kira kapan bapak ada waktu luang?”. The social distance is
high because there is distance between them. It means that collegian has to
respect to lecturer. It is shown by word like “bapak, mohon maaf”. It is off
record because it is give hints which shows words like “Mohon maaf bapak untuk
tugas fonologi saya belum konsultasi” Here, give hints is kind of off record
means speaker wants to consult. This is acquintance as power different. So, it
can be concluded that collegian and his friend does not have close
relationship.
Data of set 2
The
second set shows the relationship between the speakers, they are a collegian
and friend in the same grade. It is directive speech act because it is request
as kind of directive which is shown the words like “Rek pinjem buku PR”. The
social distance is low because there is no distance between them. It is shown
by word like “rek”. The words are used by the speakers is bold on record
because it consists of redressive action and positive politeness. The
redressive action shows words like “Rek pinjem buku PR, besok ketemu dikantin
ya rek?”. It is redressive action because when the speaker says is like force
other to do something. Then, it is positive politeness because speaker forces
other to lend him/her a book. It is shown by words like “besok ketemu dikantin
ya rek?” This is intimate as power different between them because they are like
close friend.
Data of set 3
The
second set shows the relationship between the speakers, they are a collegian
and cleaning service. It is directive speech act because it is request as kind
of directive which is shown the words like “Pak cungkring kelasku jangan
dibersihin dulu ya! Mau tak pakek buat media pembelajaran”. The social distance
is low because there is no distance between them. It is shown by word like “pak
cungkring and bro”. The words are used by the speakers is bold on record
because it consists of redressive action and positive politeness. The
redressive action shows words like “Pak cungkring kelasku jangan dibersihin
dulu ya! Mau tak pakek buat media pembelajaran, oke pak bro?”. It is redressive
action because when the speaker says is like force other to do something. Then,
it is positive politeness because speaker forces other to let him/her use the
class. It is shown by words like “Pak cungkring kelasku jangan dibersihin dulu
ya! Mau tak pakek buat media pembelajaran” This is intimate as power different
between them because they are like close friend.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
The
research focuses on using politeness strategy. In politeness strategy consists
of off record, on record, with redressive, without redressive, positive
politeness, and negative politeness. There are four participants in different
faculty of IKIP PGRI Madiun those are FIP, FPIPS, FPBS, and FPMIPA. To know
what politeness strategy is used; the researcher gives three steps to be
responded by the participants in questioner form. The first step is how to make appointment with
lecturer to consult assignment. The second is how to make appointment with
student in the same grade to borrow book. The third is how to make appointment
with cleaning service to place the class. When participants give respond, it is
still related with social distance and power different. Those are the reasons
why participants use politeness strategy. The result of this research shows
that on record is higher than off record as politeness strategy that is usual
used participants especially in with redressive and positive politeness.
REFERENCES
Austin’s (1978) in
chapter-2-speech.i-stain-salatiga.pdf
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C.1987.
Politeness some universal in language usage. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
G.N.Leech.1983. Principles of
Pragmatics. London: Longman.
Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics.
New York. Cambridge University Press.
Yule,G.1996. The Study Of Language.UK: Cambrige
University Press.
APPENDIXES
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar